• Unemployment: Refers to the situation which occurs when people are able and willing to work, but are unable to find employment.

失业什么时候发生？失业是指人们有能力并愿意工作，但找不到工作的情况。

• Natural rate of unemployment: The non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) or equilibrium unemployment; the rate of unemployment in an economy which will prevent the rate of inflation increasing.

自然失业率：指充分就业下的失业率。又称非加速通货膨胀失业率或均衡失业率。自然失业率就是指在没有货币因素影响下，劳动力市场和商品市场自发供求力量发挥作用时应有的处于均衡状态的失业率，也就是充分就业情况下的失业率。包括摩擦性失业和结构性失业。

• 失业的类型（Types of Unemployment）

在这里给大家总结了失业的类型，帮助大家对比分析它们的区别，避免混淆～

[9708/43 October/November 2020]

题目：解释需求不足（周期性）失业的原因并考虑哪个是最重要的。

• 【评分标准Mark Scheme】

A definition of demand deficient unemployment and an explanation of the causes of demand deficient unemployment. Supporting diagrams should be provided. Each cause should be discussed in relation to its overall importance. For example, if this type of unemployment is caused by a fall in the level of exports, this will have potentially negative effects on the exchange rate which will have additional impact on other key macroeconomic performance indicators. The same approach could be applied to any of the other factor which might influence the level of aggregate demand.

L4 (9–12 marks) For a sound explanation of at least two causes of demand deficient unemployment and attempt to discuss the relative importance of these factors in relation to their overall impact on unemployment. A clear attempt should be made to draw a conclusion based on the preceding argument.

L3 (7–8 marks) For a detailed explanation of one cause of demand deficient unemployment and an attempt to discuss its relative importance with a reasoned conclusion or a detailed analysis of the main causes of demand deficient unemployment but which does not address the second part of the question.

• 【解析&范例答案】

1） 需求不足（周期性）失业的定义 【写出定义：给出具体的意思】

如：Demand deficient unemployment is caused by a lack of demand for goods and services, and it usually occurs during periods of economic decline or recessions.

2） 及需求不足失业的成因解释（至少写2个原因）。

如：This type of unemployment could actually be caused by increases in productivity, which means each worker can produce a higher output, and therefore fewer workers are needed to produce the same quantity of goods and services.

画出相应的图，范例如下：

[9708/42 October/November 2020]

• 【评分标准Mark Scheme】

Structural, Frictional, Seasonal, Cyclical/Demand Deficient Unemployment. Equilibrium/Disequilibrium Unemployment.

L4 (9–12 marks) For a good analysis of 2 causes of unemployment and reference to a specific country.

L3 (7–8 marks) For a good analysis of 1 cause of unemployment and an explanation of other cause(s) of unemployment.

• 【解析及范例答案】：

1）分析失业的原因 （列举不同类型的失业，下定义并且解释相关概念），如：

➞ Unemployment: The state of being willing and able to work but without a job.

➞ Frictional Unemployment: Unemploymentthatis temporary and arises where people are in-between jobs.

➞ Structural Unemployment: Unemployment caused as a result of the changing structure of economic activity.

➞ Cyclical/Demand Deficient Unemployment: That results from a lack of aggregate demand.

2）并且解释你的国家最重要的那个。(结合国家自身情况)